2. Understanding Behaviour

2h. Relationships and attachment 

Attachment theory has been influential in helping schools think about the links between relationships and behaviour. It suggests that early experiences can shape how children respond to adults and peers, and this lens has encouraged school staff to look beyond surface behaviour.

At the same time, its use in education is not straightforward. Attachment theory was developed within a Western cultural frame, and newer research, such as Different Faces of Attachment (Keller & Otto, 2014), highlights the importance of cultural variation and cautions against applying the theory too rigidly.

There is also new research influencing how professionals think about attachment. A recent report from the National Children’s Bureau (NCB, 2023)¹⁸ argues for a more flexible approach, moving away from rigid categories and encouraging practitioners to see attachment as dynamic and shaped by culture and context. Although this research is focused on social care, the recommendations are still relevant in an educational context. It encourages us to avoid over-pathologising behaviour, to be mindful of cultural differences and to keep relationships at the centre of how we support children.

Key takeaways

• Attachment theory helps explain links between relationships and behaviour, but it has limits and doesn’t always fit across cultures.
• New research encourages a more flexible view, avoiding rigid labels and recognising behaviour in context.
• Positive, predictable relationships with trusted adults remain one of the most effective ways to help pupils feel secure and supported

Useful links:

• The ARC Website The Attachment Research Community (ARC) is a charity supporting schools and colleges to embed attachment- and trauma-aware practice.
• The ARC: Training providers Information on training providers offering courses and support in attachment, trauma and related approaches for schools and professionals.
• New approach to attachment theory  - National Children's Bureau Article explaining how an updated understanding of attachment theory can help improve support for children and families.
• Different Faces of Attachment An academic book exploring different perspectives on attachment and its impact on children’s development and relationships.

 ^{_{18. National Children’s Bureau (2023). New approach to attachment theory can help social workers improve outcomes for children, researchers say. Available at: https://www.ncb.org.uk/about-us/media-centre/news-opinion/new-approach-attachment-theory-can-help-social-workers-improve}}